In 2010 Largent, Wendler, and Emanuel proposed the “consent substitute model” for emergency research with incapacitated participants. The model provides a means to enroll participants in emergency research without consent, if five conditions are met: 1) the research addresses the patients’ urgent medical needs, 2) the risk–benefit ratio is favorable, 3) there are no known…Continue Reading Do National and International Ethics Documents Accord With the Consent Substitute Model for Emergency Research?