Objectives
The Integrated Model of Flow and Clutch States describes two overlapping psychological states that underlie exceptional performance and rewarding exercise experiences. However, research based on this model is currently hampered because no validated measure has yet been developed. Therefore, the aim of this multi-study paper was to develop and provide preliminary validation of the Flow-Clutch Scale in sport and exercise.
Design
Using two independent adult samples (n = 280; n = 264), three studies were conducted to develop and establish preliminary validity of the Flow-Clutch Scale.
Method
In Study 1, we developed an initial version of the scale and established content validity using an expert panel. In Study 2, we employed exploratory factor analysis to: identify the most appropriate factor structure; examine the scale’s internal consistency; test whether the scale differentiated between individuals who experience flow, clutch, or neither state; and examine relationships with the Flow State Scale-2. In Study 3, we aimed to replicate findings of Study 2 with an independent sample, and employed confirmatory factor analysis to confirm the factor structure, internal consistency, and relationships with the Flow State Scale-2.
Results
The results provide preliminary validation of the four-factor, 22-item Flow-Clutch Scale.
Conclusions
These studies indicate the Flow-Clutch Scale represents a useful scale for researchers interested in examining flow and/or clutch states in sport and exercise. Recommendations are provided for further research to continue testing, and accumulating evidence for, the validity and reliability of the Flow-Clutch Scale.
University of Lincoln, College of Social Science Research
Christian Swann, Southern Cross University, Faculty of Health
Janelle Driscoll, Southern Cross University, Faculty of Health
Scott G. Goddard, Southern Cross University, Faculty of Health
Royce Willis, Southern Cross University, Faculty of Health
Matthew J. Schweickle, University of Wollongong, School of Psychology
Ingrid Araujo Fernandes Ribeiro, Southern Cross University, Faculty of Health
Matthew Gatt, Southern Cross University, Faculty of Health
Patricia C. Jackman, University of Lincoln, School of Sport and Exercise Science
Stewart A. Vella, University of Wollongong, School of Psychology